CSIR Question Solution Hub

1. Question: The table below represents a list of animals and larval stages.     Animal                                                                                    Larval stage A. Sponges                                                                                  i- cercariae B. cnidarian                                                                              ...

Question : Which of the following is LEAST suited for long-distance phloem transport of photoassimilated carbon in plants? Reducing sugars Mannitol Galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides Non-reducing sugars Answer: 1. Reducing sugar Facts about the Phloem transportation: Explanation: Reducing agent: A reducing agent, also known as a reductant, is a substance that donates electrons to another substance in a chemical reaction, thus reducing the oxidation state of that substance. During this process, the reducing agent itself becomes oxidized, losing electrons. Reducing sugar: A reducing sugar is one that contains a free aldehyde (-CHO) or ketone (-C=O) group, which enables it to act as a reducing agent. Examples: Monosaccharides : Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Disaccharides : Maltose, Lactose 3.  Non-reducing sugar : A non-reducing sugar does not have a free aldehyde or ketone group because it is involved in a glycosidic bond, which prevents it from reducing other compounds. Exampl...

Question: It was found that most people who were vaccinated with the ancestral strain of COVID-19 (Wuhan strain) were protected against the delta variant but not against the Omicron variant. PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and serum were obtained from five successfully vaccinated individuals with good neutralizing antibody titres and cytotoxic (CTL) activity against the Wuhan strain-infected targets. Pooled serum was transferred into unrelated recipient "A" and pooled purified T cells were transferred into unrelated recipient "B". Which one of the following is likely to be observed? 1." A " will be protected against both the ancestral strain and the delta variant. 2."B" will be protected against ancestral strain but not against the delta variant. 3. "A" will be protected against infection with the Omicron variant. 4."A" will make antibodies against interferon gamma present in the donor serum. Answer: 1. "A...

1. Which one of the following is an example of dishonest signaling? a) Batesian model b) Batesian mimic c) Mullerian model d) Mullerian mimic Answer: b) Batesian mimic 2. Mimicry, where the deceptiveness of the mimic's signal is high and fitness consequences signaled to the receiver by the mimic are also high ( and negative), a)Batesian mimicry b) Mullerian mimicry c)Fisherian mimicry d) Millerian Mimicry Answer: a) Batesian mimicry Facts about the mimicry: Explanation: Dishonest signaling happens when an organism communicates a false or misleading signal to gain an advantage, often by deceiving others. This type of signaling takes advantage of the receiver's response for the sender's benefit, sometimes at the receiver's expense.  Dishonest signals can evolve through natural selection if they enhance survival or reproductive success. However, for deception to be sustainable, it must not become too widespread; otherwise, the system could collapse if receivers stop resp...

1.  Which of the following options represents the correct order of increasing biological organization? ecosystems< communities<biomes<population population<communities<ecosystems<biomes biomes<ecosystems<communities<population population<ecosystems<communities<biomes                                                                                                                                                                                                      ...

Population density: Population density measures the number of individuals living in a specific area. It is usually expressed as: When the individuals are not mobile.         Population Density = Total Population/land Area (sq km or sq mile)      2. When individuals are very mobile and frequently   move from one area to another, we can determine the number of population sizes by applying the mark-recapture technique.   Mark-recapture technique: The mark-recapture technique was first developed by C.G.J. Petersen in 1896 and later refined by F.W. Lincoln in 1930. It is commonly known as the Lincoln-Petersen index when used for closed populations.     Total population size (N) = Total individuals captured, marked (M1), and released in the first sample (S1) x Size of the second recaptured sample (S2)/ Number of marked individuals recaptured in the second sample (M2) N= S1 x S2 / M2 Question:   In an experiment to determine the nu...

  1. Below are a few statements about enzymes and their molecular reaction functions. A.    Alkaline phosphatases remove 3' phosphates from DNA and RNA. B.  S1 nuclease removes single-stranded regions from partially double-stranded DNA. C.   5' end-labeling of DNA molecules can be done by using polynucleotide kinase, which transfers a 32P-labelled phosphate group to the 5' end of dephosphorylated DNA. D.  3'-5' exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase releases the reporter from the 3' end of Taqman probes in qPCR. Which one of the following options represents a combination of all correct statements? 1. A and B 2. B and C 3. B and D 4. A and C Answer: 2. B and C Explanation:             Enzyme(s)                                                                ...

        1. Given below are protein domains and their binding specificities.   which  one of the following options represents all correct matches between column X and Column Y ? A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-ii A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-i A-iii, B-iii, C-i, D-ii A- i, B-iii, C-ii, D-i Answer  : 4. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-i Domains are distinct functional or structural units within a protein. Each domain usually has a specific role or facilitates an interaction, contributing to the protein's overall function. Domains can be present in various biological contexts, and similar domains may be found in proteins that perform different functions.  SH2 domains were first identified in proteins encoded by the genomes of tumor-causing (oncogenic) viruses. These domains are composed of approximately 100 amino acids and feature a conserved binding pocket that accommodates a phosphorylated tyrosine residue. The human genome encodes over 110 SH2 domains, which play a crucial role...